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(PBX) Private Branch Exchange
| a private telephone system, typically owned and used by a business. In many businesses, workers need telephones to communicate among themselves and to communicate with customers and suppliers. However, since only 10 to 20 percent (depending on the business) are talking with people outside their company at any one time, it doesn't make sense to give each a dedicated connection to the PSTN. A PBX allows the workers to share the few incoming lines required to support their business and to communicate on premise without using the PSTN.
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(PDA) Personal Digital Assistant | small mobile hand-held device that provides computing and information storage and retrieval capabilities for personal and business use.
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PINE
| text based email program.
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(PKI) Public Key Infrastructure
| software, protocols and legal agreements that are necessary to effectively use digital certificates combine to form a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). A PKI has several components: A Certificate Authority (CA), that manages and signs digital certificates for an institution, Registration Authorities, operating under the auspices of the CA, that validate users as having been issued certificates, PKI management tools, including software to manage revocations, validations and renewals, Directories to store certificates, public keys, and certificate management information, Databases and key-management software to store escrowed and archived keys, applications that can make use of certificates and can seek validation of others' certificates, Trust models that extend the realm of secure communications beyond the original CA, policies that identify how an institution manages certificates, including legal liabilities and limitations, standards on contents of certificates, and actual campus practices.
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Policy Management
| the management of a network so that various kinds of traffic - data, voice, and video - get the priority of availability and bandwidth needed to serve the network's users effectively. With the convergence of data, telephone, and video traffic in the same network, companies will be challenged to manage traffic so that one kind of service doesn't preempt another kind. Using policy statements, network administrators can specify which kinds of service to give priority at what times of day on what parts of their Internet Protocol (IP)-based network. This kind of management is often known as Quality of Service (QoS) and is controlled using policy-based network software.
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(POP) Point of Presence
| an access point to the internet.
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| Predictive Modeling | Predictive modeling is a process used in predictive analytics to create a statistical model of future behavior. Predictive analytics is the area of data mining concerned with forecasting probabilities and trends. A predictive model is made up of a number of predictors, variable factors that are likely to influence future behavior or results. In marketing, for example, a customer's gender, age, and purchase history might predict the likelihood of a future sale. |
Processor
| logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that drive a computer.
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(PSTN) Public Switched Network
top | public switched network owned by the local exchange carriers and the inter-exchange carriers.
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| Quality Control | Quality control (QC) is a procedure or set of procedures intended to ensure that a manufactured product or performed service adheres to a defined set of quality criteria or meets the requirements of the client or customer. QC is similar to, but not identical with, quality assurance (QA). QA is defined as a procedure or set of procedures intended to ensure that a product or service under development (before work is complete, as opposed to afterwards) meets specified requirements. QA is sometimes expressed together with QC as a single expression, quality assurance and control (QA/QC). |
(QOS) Quality of Service
| measure of performance for a transmission system that reflects its transmission quality and service availability.
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(RAM) Random Access Memory
| place in the computer where the operating system, application programs, and data in current use are kept so that they can quickly be reached by the computer's processor.
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(RESNET) Residential Network
| a residential network connection that allows you to work on assignments, read electronic news, or send e-mail messages to friends at other institutions, all from your room. A data jack located in your room provides high speed data communication -- without using your phone line or a modem -- throughout the academic year.
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(RF) Radio Frequency
| generic term referring to frequencies that correspond to radio transmissions. Generally, this type of communication meets both low and high speed networking requirements in support of both the LAN and WAN environments. Higher speeds that support connectivity outside of a single building require a FCC license, while lower speeds generally operate only for limited distances and do not require a separate FCC license.
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(ROM) Read Only Memory
| "built-in" computer memory containg data that normally can only be read, not written to or edited.
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| Restore Point | A restore point is a saved "snapshot" of a computer's data at a specific time. Restore points are a component of the Windows System Restore utility. By creating a restore point, you can save the state of the operating system and your own data so that if future changes cause a problem, you can restore the system and your data to the way it was before the changes were made. When a restore point is established, your computer creates a backup copy of all data at that particular time. The possible types of restore points are: system checkpoints, which are scheduled restore points that your computer creates; manual restore points, which the user creates; and installation restore points, which are automatically created when you install certain programs. |
Routers
| device or, in some cases, software in a computer, that determines the next network point to which a packet should be forwarded towards its' destination (connected to at east two networks, and decides which way to send each information packet based on its current understanding of the state of the networks connected to it).
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Routing
| process of finding a path to a destination host. Routing is very complex in large networks because of the many potential intermediate destinations a packet might traverse before reaching its destination host.
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Routing devices top | devices with intelligence that connect parts of local and remote networks together. Because routing tables are used to look up addresses for each message, routers introduce delay into networks. Routers provide network management capabilities such as load balancing, partitioning of the network, use statistics, communication priority, and troubleshooting tools that allow for the detection and correction of problems even in complex networks.
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| Rootkit | A rootkit is a collection of tools (programs) that enable administrator-level access to a computer or computer network. Typically, a hacker installs a rootkit on a computer after first obtaining user-level access, either by exploiting a known vulnerability or cracking a password. Once the rootkit is installed, it allows the attacker to mask intrusion and gain root or privileged access to the computer and, possibly, other machines on the network. |
Routing Metric
| method by which a routing algorithm determines that one route is better than another. This information is stored in routing tables. Metrics include bandwidth, communication cost, delay, hop count, load, MTU, path cost, and reliability. Sometimes referred to simply as a metric.
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Routing Protocol
| protocol that accomplishes routing through the implementation of a specific routing algorithm. Examples of routing protocols include IGRP, OSPF, and RIP.
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| Routing Table | A routing table is a set of rules, often viewed in table format, that is used to determine where data packets traveling over an Internet Protocol (IP) network will be directed. All IP-enabled devices, including routers and switches, use routing tables. |
(SAN) Storage Area Network
| high-speed special-purpose network that interconnects different kinds of data storage devices with associated data servers for a larger network of users.
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(SCTP) Stream Control Transmission Protocol
| set of rules for transmitting multiple streams of data at the same time between two end points that have an established network connection.
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| Serial-Attached SCSI | Serial-attached SCSI (SAS) is a method used in accessing computer peripheral devices that employs a serial (one bit at a time) means of digital data transfer over thin cables. The method is specified in the American National Standard Institute standard called Serial-attached SCSI (Small Computer System Interface), also known as ANSI/INCITS 376-2003. In the business enterprise, serial-attached SCSI is especially of interest for access to mass storage devices, particularly external hard drives. |
Server
| computer program that provides services to other computer programs in the same or other computers.
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| Server Consolidation | Server consolidation is an approach to the efficient usage of computer server resources in order to reduce the total number of servers or server locations that an organization requires. The practice developed in response to the problem of server sprawl, a situation in which multiple, under-utilized servers take up more space and consume more resources than can be justified by their workload. |
| Shared Source | Shared source is a software licensing concept that is more open than the proprietary approach to licensing but more restricted than the open source model. Under a shared source program license, authorized parties are granted full or partial access to source code. Typically, those granted access can view source code but cannot alter it for any commercial purpose. Some shared source programs allow only viewing of code; others allow non-commercial modification and/or redistribution. Microsoft originated the shared source approach, which has since been adopted by other major industry players, including Hewlett-Packard and Sun Microsystems. |
(SMDS) Switched Multimegabit Data Service
| public, packet-switched service aimed at enterprises that need to exchange large amounts of data over the wide-area network on a nonconstant or "bursty" basis.
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(SMS) Short Message Service | service for sending text messages to mobile phones.
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(SMTP) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
| set of rules used in sending and receiving email.
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| Spear Phishing | Spear phishing is an e-mail spoofing fraud attempt that targets a specific organization, seeking unauthorized access to confidential data. As with the e-mail messages used in regular phishing expeditions, spear phishing messages appear to come from a trusted source. Phishing messages usually appear to come from a large and well-known company or Web site with a broad membership base, such as eBay or PayPal. In the case of spear phishing, however, the purported source of the e-mail is likely to be an individual within the recipient's own company, and generally someone in a position of authority. |
| SBLOG | A splog (spam blog) is a fake blog created solely to promote affiliated Web sites, with the intent of skewing search results and artificially boosting traffic. Some splogs are written like long-winded ads for the Web sites they promote; others have no original content, featuring either nonsense or content stolen from authentic Web sites. Splogs include huge numbers of links to the Web sites in question to fool Web crawlers (programs that search the Web for sites to index). The sploggers associate popular search keywords with their pages so that the splog links turn up in blog search results and are sent out as search subscription notifications through e-mail and RSS feeds |
Software
| general term used for the various kinds of programs used to operate computers and related devices.
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Spintronics | Spintronics is an emerging field of nanoscale electronics involving the detection and manipulation of electron spin. This is in contrast to conventional electronics, which deals only with the accumulation and movement of charge carriers. Spintronics is of interest to engineers and manufacturers of semiconductor devices, particularly integrated circuits (ICs), which are used in most electronic devices and systems, including computers. |
SPAM
| unsolicited e-mail on the Internet
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| SPAM Cocktail | A spam cocktail (or anti-spam cocktail) is the use of several different technologies in combination to successfully identify and minimize spam. The use of multiple mechanisms increases the accuracy of spam identification and reduces the number of false positives. |
Spread Spectrum Technology
top | predominant wireless LAN system found prior to 2000 that utilizes spread-spectrum technology, a wide band radio frequency technique developed by the military for use in reliable, secure, mission-critical communications systems. Spread-spectrum is designed to trade off bandwidth efficiency for reliability, integrity and security. In other words, more bandwidth is consumed than in the case of narrowband transmission, but the tradeoff produces a signal that is, in effect, louder and thus easier to detect, provided that the receiver knows the parameters of the spread-spectrum signal being broadcast. If a receiver is not tuned to the right frequency, a spread-spectrum signal appears to be background noise. There are two types of spread spectrum radi frequency hopping and direct sequence.
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(SSH) Secure Socket Shell
| set of rules for gaining secure access to a remote computer.
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(SSL) Secure Sockets Layer
| set of rules for managing the security of a message transmission on the internet.
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Switching -devices/technologies
| high-speed network device(s) that forwards packets between network segments. Most LAN switches forward traffic based on MAC addresses. This variety of LAN switch is sometimes called a frame switch. LAN switches are often categorized according to the method they use to forward traffic: cut-through packet switching or store-and-forward packet switching. Multi-layer switches are an intelligent subset of LAN switches. A switch may also include the function of a router, a device or program that can determine the route and specifically what adjacent network point the data should be sent to. In general, a switch is a simpler and faster mechanism than a router, which requires knowledge about the network and how to determine the route.
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(SONET) Synchronous Optical Network
| a standard for optical transport that defines optical carrier levels and their electrically equivalent synchronous transport signals. SONET allows for a multi-vendor environment and positions the network for transport of new services, synchronous networking, and enhanced operations, administration and maintenance.
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| System V | System V (System 5) was an early form of the Unix operating system, originally developed by AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph). The first release, Release 1 (SVR1), appeared in 1983. Release 2 (SVR2) followed in 1984, Release 3 (SVR3) in 1987, and Release 4 (SVR4, the last and most popular version) in 1990. The original System V is no longer produced, but derivatives exist, most notably OpenServer and UnixWare from the SCO Group and Solaris from Sun Microsystems |
